
Thermoelectric Modules:
A thermoelectric module relies on the "thermoelectric effect" to convert heat directly into electricity. It is a solid state device with no moving parts and so it is completely silent and extremely reliable. Due to the high reliability of thermoelectric power supplies they have been used for years to provide electrical power in space missions where solar power is not available. Two examples of the many space missions that have relied on thermoelectric power supplies are the "Voyager" that was sent into deep space and has operated successfully for more the 20 years and the "Apollo" lunar missions where thermoelectric power supplies powered equipment that was left behind for more than a decade.
Hi-Z modules are based on bismuth telluride alloys and are most efficient in temperature ranges from -20°C to 300°C. The bonded metal conductors enable Hi-Z modules to operate continuously for up to 10 years or longer. While Hi-Z modules are optimized as power generators the reversible thermoelectric effect allows them to be used as thermoelectric coolers.